Decision-making criteria for pesticide spraying considering the bees’ presence on crops to reduce their exposure risk
نویسندگان
چکیده
The risk of poisoning bees by sprayed pesticides depends on the attractiveness plants and environmental climatic factors. Thus, to protect from pesticide intoxication, an usual exemption regulations allows for spraying blooming flowers with insecticides or acaricides when no are foraging crops. Nevertheless, decision-making criteria farmers assess absence their crops remain under debate. To fill this gap, we present here a review literature analysis weather conditions factors that affect presence flowering may be treated pesticides, objective proposing series how treat. We conclude commonly considered, such as ambient temperature, crop attractiveness, distance field edges, cannot guarantee forager exposure during sprays. Nocturnal sprays would most effective action help avoid unintentional acute bees.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2296-701X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1062441